Last Chance Tourism: principais aplicações e consequências para os destinos
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Neste artigo é feita uma revisão de literatura do tema Last Chance Tourism (LCT) com o objetivo de compreender quais as principais aplicações deste fenómeno e que consequências este fenómeno tem para os destinos. Como abordagem de pesquisa optou-se pelo estudo descritivo e explicativo. O termo LCT foi referido pela primeira vez na comunicação social em 2008 e em 2010 na literatura académica. Porém, o fenómeno foi anteriormente referenciado com outros termos: “turismo de catástrofe”, “turismo climático”, “turismo de extinção”, “veja antes que acabe”. Os principais resultados obtidos são a evidência das consequências associadas aos destinos de gelo, focando a problemática dos glaciares prestes a desaparecer devido a mudanças ambientais; turismo de animais em vias de extinção, incluindo caça, desaparecimento de cataratas, desgaste da grande barreira de corais, locais com grande desgaste associado ao número de visitantes, e ainda a lugares e objetos percebidos como símbolo de algo que está lentamente a desaparecer da sociedade em geral. Apesar dos diferentes destinos, as consequências identificadas convergem no nível ambiental, com foco nas alterações climáticas, na pressão dos ecossistemas, na degradação ambiental, no excesso de carga dos destinos e na criação de “embaixadores” da causa ambiental. Para além do impacto ambiental, identificaram-se consequências ao nível cultural, sociopolítico, económico e de riscos físicos para os turistas. Foi possível identificar algumas lacunas na literatura, tal como a falta de um critério claro que permita determinar objetivamente a definição de destino LCT; a temporalidade do estatuto “destino vulnerável”; bem como se os destinos vulneráveis devem realmente ser promovidos turisticamente.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Todos los artículos publicados en la e3 – Revista de Economía, Empresas y Emprendimiento en la CPLP se distribuyen bajo la licencia Creative Commons Atribución (CC BY).
Esta licencia permite compartir (copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato) y adaptar (remezclar, transformar y crear a partir del material) para cualquier propósito, incluso comercial, siempre que se otorgue el crédito adecuado a los autores y a la revista, se proporcione un enlace a la licencia y se indiquen los cambios realizados.
Citas
A, T., Kim, M. K., & Jakus, P. M. (2020). Marketing, congestion, and demarketing in Utah’s National Parks. Tourism Economics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620939722
Armstrong, E. K., & Kern, C. L. (2011). Demarketing manages visitor demand in the Blue Mountains National Park. Journal of Ecotourism, 10(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724040903427393
Bec, A., Moyle, B., Schaffer, V., & Timms, K. (2021). Virtual reality and mixed reality for second chance tourism. Tourism Management, 83, 104256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104256
Beeton, S., & Benfield, R. (2002). Demand control: The case for demarketing as a visitor and environmental management tool. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 10(6), 497–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580208667184
Blom, T., & Nilsson, M. (2021). Båstnäs car graveyard: A place that seems to live in its own “time and space bubble.” European Journal of Tourism Research, 27(2021), 1–15.
Brown, G. (2006). Mapping Landscape Values and. Tourism, 113(November 2012), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr
Brown, G. (2011). Mapping Landscape Values and. Tourism, 113(November 2012), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr
Clements, M. A. (1989). Selecting tourist traffic by demarketing. Tourism Management, 10(2), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(89)90048-4
D’Souza, J., Dawson, J., & Groulx, M. (2021). Last chance tourism: a decade review of a case study on Churchill, Manitoba’s polar bear viewing industry. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1910828
Dawson, J., Johnston, M. J., Stewart, E. J., Lemieux, C. J., Lemelin, R. H., Maher, P. T., & Grimwood, B. S. R. (2011). Ethical considerations of last chance tourism. Journal of Ecotourism, 10(3), 250–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2011.617449
Dawson, Jackie, Stewart, E. J., Lemelin, H., & Scott, D. (2010). The carbon cost of polar bear viewing tourism in Churchill, Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903215147
Denley, T. J., Woosnam, K. M., Ribeiro, M. A., Boley, B. B., Hehir, C., & Abrams, J. (2020). Individuals’ intentions to engage in last chance tourism: applying the value-belief-norm model. In Journal of Sustainable Tourism (Vol. 28, Issue 11, pp. 1860–1881). https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1762623
Dube, K., & Nhamo, G. (2020). Tourist perceptions and attitudes regarding the impacts of climate change on Victoria Falls. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-Economic Series, 47(47), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2020-0002
Eijgelaar, E., Thaper, C., & Peeters, P. (2010b). Antarctic cruise tourism: The paradoxes of ambassadorship, “last chance tourism” and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003653534
Fisher, D., & Stewart, E. J. (2017). Tourism, time, and the last chance. Tourism Analysis, 22(4), 511–521. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354217X15023805452068
Groulx, M., Lemieux, C., Dawson, J., Stewart, E., & Yudina, O. (2016). Motivations to engage in last chance tourism in the Churchill Wildlife Management Area and Wapusk National Park: the role of place identity and nature relatedness. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(11), 1523–1540. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1134556
Kiliç, B., & Yozukmaz, N. (2020). A conceptual review of last chance tourism: The case of Turkey. Tourism, 68(3), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.37741/T.68.3.6
Kilungu, H., Leemans, R., Munishi, P. K. T., Nicholls, S., & Amelung, B. (2019). Forty Years of Climate and Land-Cover Change and its Effects on Tourism Resources in Kilimanjaro National Park. Tourism Planning and Development, 16(2), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1569121
Kruczek, Z., Kruczek, M., & Szromek, A. R. (2018). Possibilities of using the tourism area life cycle model to understand and provide sustainable solution for tourism development in the antarctic region. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010089
Kucukergin, K. G., & Gürlek, M. (2020). ‘What if this is my last chance?’: Developing a last-chance tourism motivation model. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 18(March), 100491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100491
Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J., Maher, P., & Lueck, M. (2010). Last-chance tourism: The boom, doom, and gloom of visiting vanishing destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 477–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500903406367
Miller, L. B., Hallo, J. C., Dvorak, R. G., Fefer, J. P., Peterson, B. A., & Brownlee, M. T. J. (2020). On the edge of the world: examining pro-environmental outcomes of last chance tourism in Kaktovik, Alaska. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(11), 1703–1722. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1720696
Ooi, N., Duke, E., & O’Leary, J. (2018). Tourism in changing natural environments. Tourism Geographies, 20(2), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1440418
Palma, D., Varnajot, A., Dalen, K., Basaran, I. K., Brunette, C., Bystrowska, M., Korablina, A. D., Nowicki, R. C., & Ronge, T. A. (2019). Cruising the marginal ice zone: climate change and Arctic tourism. Polar Geography, 42(4), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/1088937X.2019.1648585
Purdie, H., Gomez, C., & Espiner, S. (2015). Glacier recession and the changing rockfall hazard: Implications for glacier tourism. New Zealand Geographer, 71(3), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12091
Rasmussen, M. B. (2019). Rewriting conservation landscapes: protected areas and glacial retreat in the high Andes. Regional Environmental Change, 19(5), 1371–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1376-9
Runge, C. A., Daigle, R. M., & Hausner, V. H. (2020). Quantifying tourism booms and the increasing footprint in the Arctic with social media data. PLoS ONE, 15(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227189
Salim, E., & Ravanel, L. (2020). Last chance to see the ice: visitor motivation at Montenvers-Mer-de-Glace, French Alps. Tourism Geographies, 0(0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1833971
Schweinsberg, S., Wearing, S., & Lai, P. H. (2020). Host communities and last chance tourism. Tourism Geographies, 0(0), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1708446
Sisneros-Kidd, A. M., Monz, C., Hausner, V., Schmidt, J., & Clark, D. (2019). Nature-based tourism, resource dependence, and resilience of Arctic communities: framing complex issues in a changing environment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(8), 1259–1276. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1612905
Smith, B. J., Destinations, E., Videos, R., & Playing, N. (2008). Endangered Destinations.
Smith, B. J., Videos, R., & Playing, N. (2008). Now You See Them ( but They Could Soon Vanish ).
Stewart, E. J., Wilson, J., Espiner, S., Purdie, H., Lemieux, C., & Dawson, J. (2016). Implications of climate change for glacier tourism. Tourism Geographies, 18(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2016.1198416
Stirling, I., & Derocher, A. E. (2012). Effects of climate warming on polar bears: A review of the evidence. Global Change Biology, 18(9), 2694–2706. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02753.x
Tickle, L., & von Essen, E. (2020). The seven sins of hunting tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 84(June), 102996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102996
Wang, S., Che, Y., Pang, H., Du, J., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Accelerated changes of glaciers in the Yulong Snow Mountain, Southeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Regional Environmental Change, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-020-01624-7